Etiology and management of citrus Melanose disease in Pakistan: A review

Diaporthe species are important pathogens of many hosts, including economically important crops. They cause severe melanose disease, stem-end rot of fruits, and gummosis of perennial plants worldwide. Among the Diaporthe species, Diaporthe citri is responsible for causing melanose disease. Melanose disease harms fruit, leaves, twigs, branches, and in certain cases, the main stem of trees of any age. The melanose infection can affect practically all citrus cultivars. Citrus melanose disease is a persistent and incurable disease leading to a massive loss of output in the citrus industry. Due to the lack of resistant cultivars, the failure of chemical treatments, and the dangers to environmental health, large-scale research is being conducted to develop a long-term remedy. Recently, biological control agents (BCAs) have been used as an alternative to fungicides to manage citrus melanose disease. In this review, we highlighted some significant aspects of melanose disease (Diaporthe citri) in citrus, such as its history, morphology, disease cycle, pathogenicity symptoms, and impact on the economy of the citrus industry. The current literature assists the researchers in averting melanose disease in citrus, developing genetically resistant cultivars, and ecofriendly management against Diaporthe citri.