Population aging is basically a situation which occurs when the median age of a country or region rises due to higher life expectancy rate or decreasing fertility rate. Changes in the population's age structure are influenced by economic factors, living standards, pro-family policies, and advancements in medical care.  It is expected that the population aged 60 or above will sharply increase in the whole world till 2050. That will further intensify the demand for health resources required to maintain quality life as per SDG. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of population aging on economic growth in selected developed and developing countries. The study was based on panel data for the period of 1986 to 2021. Data were taken from World Population Prospectus (WPP) and from World Development Index (WDI). Estimation technique used in the study was PMG/ARDL because the variables were stationary at integrating order zero and integrated order one. GDP growth rate used as dependent variable and aged dependency ratio, saving rates, education, life expectancy and fertility rate were used as independent variables. Results showed that there was a significant relation between population aging and economic growth. Increase in population aging leads to decrease in economic growth.

Taxes play a pivotal role as the primary source of government revenue. Every new tax policy has the potential to increase government revenues and create opportunities for economic advancement. The effectiveness of taxes is contingent upon the system and policies put in place. Various tax types are imposed across different sectors of the economy. In this paper, we delve into an examination of the taxation policies implemented in Pakistan. This research paper employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate the topic. Secondary data spanning the 2021-22 period has been gathered for the purpose of this study. The findings will lead to recommendations for improved policies that can contribute to sustainable development. As a result, this study not only adds to the existing body of literature but also fosters a research culture in the country, offering valuable insights into the impact of taxation policies on sustainable development.

Education is a crucial area of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Several scholars working on sustainable development have called for research in this significant area. This study responds to these calls. The study aims to assess significant differences in the academic performance of male matriculation students in public schools across various categories of identified socioeconomic and educational factors. The study used systematic and proportionate sampling techniques to select the respondents. Three hundred respondents were selected. To evaluate the study hypotheses, one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc tests were utilised. The study found a significant difference in academic performance across various categories of parental education, household income, socioeconomic status, and prior performance. The study did not find any significant differences in the academic performance of students across various categories of family size. The study highlights the significance of socioeconomic and educational factors in determining the academic performance of students. It has specific implications for policymakers and education administrators. It also has broad ramifications for sustainable development goals.

Improving the inherent abilities and skills of the workforce is crucial not only for their personal and familial prosperity but also for the overall advancement of society. This study aimed to meet the criteria of 8th Sustainable Development Goal “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all” by investigate how on-the-job training, work environment, and upskilling impact the social and economic development of industrial workers and their families in Punjab, Pakistan. To gather quantitative data, a survey approach was employed along with structured interviews, utilizing a random sampling strategy. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS software, employing various tests for univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. The findings revealed that on-the-job training, upskilling, and satisfaction with the work environment significantly contribute to the socio-economic development of industrial workers and their families.

This study examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Pakistan from 1996 to 2022. Unit root tests show all variables are integrated at order 1, except urbanization, which is at both orders. Employing auto regressive distributed lagged models, the study finds that foreign direct investment and economic growth increase carbon emissions in the long run, while trade and urbanization decrease them. A non-linear model reveals a U-shaped relationship between net official development assistance and carbon emissions. Policy implications suggest integrating official development assistance into sustainable development initiatives, such as capacity-building programs and policy reforms, to promote sustainable practices and carbon emission reduction.

Since the present pandemic Covid-19 issue and the economic slowdown brought on by sanitary measures, the number of workers who missed work or worked fewer hours surged at an unprecedented rate, and the number of jobs lost increased as well. The present research examined the impact of covid-19 on income and employment in Punjab using cross-sectional data collected from the HIES household 208 observations from Punjab Pakistan. Data were collected only during the period of lockdown analysis is not enough to generalize. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and Generalized Poisson regression models were employed for the empirical analysis of the data. The research revealed that region, age, the average number of reduced working hours, avoidance the going to the mosque/ religious gathering, agricultural land, Loans from employees, avoiding public transport, and long-distance travel avoidance show a strongly significant relationship with average monthly income Covid-19. The results of the Generalized Poisson regression model showed that variable gender, Agriculture land, Owned house, and avoiding social gatherings of more than 4 people have a positive impact and are signed with the average number of reduced working hours. There was a positive significant association between depression and food insecurity. He could not find a significant impact of covid-19 on income. Moreover, the variable expense has a negative but insignificant impact on income. Covid-19 has impacted the effect on income and employment of the people.